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Mitophagy Detection Kit
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Mtphagy Dye
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Product Description
Mitophagy Detection Kit is optimized for mammalian cells.
Mitochondria is one of the cytoplasmic organelle that plays a crucial role in cells such as production of energy for cell viability. Recently, Mitophagy appears to be related to Alzheimer and Parkinson disease induced by the accumulation of depolarized mitochondria. Mitophagy serves as a specific elimination system that dysfunctional mitochondria caused by oxidative stress and DNA damage are sequestered into autophagosome, fused to lysosome and degraded by digestion.
This kit is composed of Mtphagy Dye, reagent for detection of mitophagy, and Lyso Dye. Mtphagy Dye accumulates in intact mitochondria, is immobilized on it with chemical bond and exhibits a weak fluorescence from the influence of surrounding condition. When Mitophagy is induced, the damaged mitochondria fuses to lysosome and then Mtphagy Dye emits a high fluorescence. To confirm the fusion of Mtphagy Dye–labeled mitochondria and lysosome, Lyso Dye included in this kit can be used.
E. Fang etc. detected tomatidine induced mitophagy in HeLa cells by using mt-mKeima. Mitophagy was also detected in both primary rat cortical neurons and human SH-SY5Y neural cells using our Mitophagy Detection Kit.3 Mitophagy Detection Kit would be a valid alternative method if protein expression/transfection is not ideal for the experiment.
For more information on Mtphagy Dye compositions and examples, please refer to the publication below:
Iwashita H, Torii S, Nagahora N, Ishiyama M, Shioji K, Sasamoto K, Shimizu S, Okuma K. "Live Cell Imaging of Mitochondrial Autophagy with a Novel Fluorescent Small Molecule."ACS Chem Biol, 2017, doi: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00647.
Notes: Mtphagy Dye and Lyso Dye are Patent Pending.
Simple Procedure
Transfection procedure is not needed for mitophagy imaging.
Comparison with Autophagy Marker
CCCP(carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone) has been added to normal and Parkin expressed cells. The strong fluorescence was not observed in normal HeLa cells(A)(B). On the other hand, the trong fluorescence was shown in Parkin expressed cells in 18 hours after additon of CCCP(C). Some of the puncta are co-localized with the autophagy marker(GFP-LC3). In addition, suppressed fluorescence of Mtphagy dye was observed when autophagy inhibitor, bafilomycin was added to Parking expressed cells(D). Because lysosomal pH was increased by the additon of bafilomycin.
Mitophagy Detection in Starved Cells
Living HeLa cells are co-stained with Mtphagy Dye and Lyso Dye under mitophagy induced condition.
Mtphagy Dye was added to HeLa cells and the cells were incubated for 6 hours under starved condition. Before observation of the cells, lysosomal staining dye, Lyso Dye was added to HeLa cells. The fluorescent intensity of Mtphagy Dye was increased in the starved HeLa cells but not in normal cells. In addition, Mtphagy Dye was co-localized with Lyso Dye in the starved cells.
Experimental Example: Induction of Mitophagy by CCCP
[Induction of mitophagy by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) as a mitochondrial-uncoupling reagent with Parkin expressed HeLa cells]
HeLa cells were seeded on μ-slide 8 well (Ibidi) and cultured at 37oC overnight in a 5%-CO2 incubator. The cells were transfected with Parkin plasmid vector by HilyMax transfection reagent (Code#:H357), and incubated at 37oC overnight. The Parkin expressed HeLa cells were washed with Hanks’ HEPES buffer twice and then incubated at 37oC for 30 minutes with 250 μl of 100 nmol/l Mtphagy Dye working solution containing 100 nmol/l MitoBright Deep Red (Code#:MT08). After the washing of the cells with Hanks’ HEPES buffer twice, the culture medium containing 10 μmol/l CCCP was added to the well. After 24 hours incubation, mitophagy was observed by a fluorescence microscopy. After removing the supernatant, 250 μl of 1 μmol/l Lyso Dye working solution were added to the cells and incubated at 37oC for 30 minutes. The cells were washed with Hanks’ HEPES buffer twice and then co-localization of Mtphagy, Lyso Dye and MitoBright Deep Red was observed by confocal fluorescence microscopy.
Observation of mitophagy using Parkin expressed HeLa cells (upper panel) and normal HeLa cells (Lower)
A, E) Fluorescent images of Mtphagy Dye; B, F) Fluorescent images of Lyso Dye;
C, G) Fluorescent images of MitoBright Deep Red; D, H) Merged images
Mitophagy Induction and Detection of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Changes
Mitochondrial condition in the carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP) treated Parkin-expressing HeLa cells was compared with untreated cells using Mitophagy Detection Kit (MD01, MT02) and JC-1 MitoMP Detection Kit (
MT09).
Result:
Mitophagy was not detected in untreated cells and the membrane potential was normal. However, reduction of membrane potential and mitophagy were observed in treated cells.
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<Experimental Condition>
Transfection of Parkin plasmid to HeLa cells
- HileyMax (H357) was used to transfect Parkin plasmid to HeLa cells (Parkin plasmid/HilyMax reagent: 0.1μg/0.2 μL) by incubating overnight.
Detection of Mitophagy
- Add 0.1 μmol/L Mtphagy working solution to Parkin expressing HeLa cells and incubated for 30 minutes at 37 ℃
- Wash cells with HBSS
- Add 10 μg/mL CCCP/MEM solution and inclubate for 2 hours at 37 ℃
- Observe under fluorescence microscope
Detection of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
- Add 10 μg/mL CCCP/MEM solution to Parkin expressing HeLa cells and incubate for 1.5 hours at 37 ℃
- Add 4 μmol/L JC-1 working solution (final concentration: 2 μmol/L) and incubate for 30 minutes at 37 ℃
- Wash with HBSS and add Imaging Buffer Solution.
- Observe under fluorescence microscope
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<Detecting Condition>
[Mitophagy Detection]
Ex: 561 nm, Em: 570-700 nm
[Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Detection]
Green Ex: 488 nm, Em: 500-550 nm
Red Ex: 561 nm, Em: 560-610 nm
References
1) Iwashita H, Torii S, Nagahora N, Ishiyama M, Shioji K, Sasamoto K, Shimizu S, Okuma K. "Live Cell Imaging of Mitochondrial Autophagy with a Novel Fluorescent Small Molecule."ACS Chem Biol, 2017, doi: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00647.
2) J. Koniga, C. Otta, M. Hugoa, T. Junga, A. L. Bulteaub, T. Grunea and A. Hohna, "Mitochondrial contribution to lipofuscin formation", Redox Biology., 2017, 11, 673.
3) E. Fang, et al., "Tomatidine enhances lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans through mitophagy induction via the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway", Scientific Reports, 2017, 7, 46208.
4) Y. Feng, et al. "Activation of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1 at the onset of reperfusion protects the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy", British Journal of Pharmacology, 2017, doi: 10.1111/bph.14033 .
5) Kazuhisa Kameyama, "Induction of mitophagy-mediated antitumor activity with folate-appended methyl-β-cyclodextrin", International Journal of Nanomedicine., 2017, 12, 3433-3446.
6) Zhu L, Xie X, Zhang L, et al. TBK-binding protein 1 regulates IL-15-induced autophagy and NKT cell survival. Nature Communications. 2018;9(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05097-5.
7) K. M. Elamin, K. Motoyama, T. Higashi, Y. Yamashita, A. Tokuda and H. Arima, "Dual targeting system by supramolecular complex of folate-conjugated methyl-β-cyclodextrin with adamantane-grafted hyaluronic acid for the treatment of colorectal cancer.", Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.149.8)
8) N. Furuya, S. Kakuta, K. Sumiyoshi, M. Ando, R. Nonaka, A. Suzuki, S. Kazuno, S. Saiki and N. Hattori, "NDP52 interacts with mitochondrial RNA poly(A) polymerase to promote mitophagy.", EMBO Rep., 2018, doi: 10.15252/embr.201846363.
9) K. Araki, K. Kawauchi, W. Sugimoto, D. Tsuda, H. Oda, R. Yoshida, K. Ohtani, Mitochondrial protein E2F3d, a distinctive E2F3 product, mediates hypoxia-induced mitophagy in cancer cells, Communications Biology, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s42003-018-0246-9
10) E. Adegoke, S. Adeniran, Y. Zeng, X. Wang, H. Wang, C. Wang, H. Zhang, P. Zheng and G. Zhang , "Pharmacological inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB with TLR4-IN-C34 attenuated microcystin-leucine arginine toxicity in bovine Sertoli cells.", J Appl Toxicol., 2019,doi: 10.1002/jat.3771.
11) E. F. Fang, Y. Hou, K. Palikaras, B. A. Adriaanse, J. S. Kerr, B. Yang, S. Lautrup, M. M. Hasan-Olive, D. Caponio, X. Dan, P. Rocktaschel, D. L. Croteau, M. Akbari, N. H. Greig, T. Fladby, H. Nilsen, M. Z. Cader, M. P. Mattson, N. Tavernarakis and V. A. Bohr, "Mitophagy inhibits amyloid-β and tau pathology and reverses cognitive deficits in models of Alzheimer's disease.", Nat. Neurosci. ., 2019,DOI:10.1038/s41593-018-0332-9.
What is an advantage of the kit in comparison to Keima-Red?
Can I use Mitophagy Detection Kit with fixed cells?
Why it is not allowed to mix Mtphagy dye and Lyso dye together?
How many times can I assay with Mitophagy Detection Kit?
Can I store the working solution after it has been prepared?
How long is DMSO stock solution stable?
What are some technical tips for successful assay?
Is the serum in the medium susceptible to live cell imaging?
What is an effect of Phenol Red?
What is the recommended filter?
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Q: What is an advantage of the kit in comparison to Keima-Red?
A: Our kit uses a small molecular fluorescent probe and allows detection of Mitophagy phenomenon without expressing fluorescent protein.
Q: Can I use Mitophagy Detection Kit with fixed cells?
A: No, the kit is suitable for live cells because Mtphagy Dye accumulates in intact mitochondria.
Q: Why it is not allowed to mix Mtphagy dye and Lyso dye together?
A: Since fluorescence of Lyso dye fades after long periods of staining, if both dyes are added together, Lyso dye does not emit enough fluorescence for double staining. Hence, Lyso dye is added right before the observation.
Q: How many times can I assay with Mitophagy Detection Kit?
A: For 96 wells plates format (100 ul/well), the kit is sufficient for 5 plates. For 35 mm dish format (2ml), the kit is sufficient for 25 assays.
Q: What are some technical tips for successful assay?
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1. Add Mtphagy Dye working solution BEFORE inducing mitophagy (Mtphagy Dye accumulates in the intact mitochondria)
2. Use appropriate filter - Mtphagy Dye: Ex.500-560 nm, Em.670-730 nm for microscopy detection
3. Use CCCP or FCCP for the positive control
*FCCP or CCCP concentration: 10 uM-30 uM, incubation time at 37℃ for 3 hours
FCCP: Carbonyl cyanide 4-(triguoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone
CCCP: Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone
4. Use Confocal Microscope if available
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Q: Is the serum in the medium susceptible to live cell imaging?
A: Yes, it is susceptible because both Mtphagy Dye and Lyso Dye interfere with the serum in the medium. Please use Hank’s HEPES buffer or serum-free medium.
Q: What is an effect of Phenol Red?
Figure 1. Background caused by phenol red observed by the fluorescence microscope. However, when using confocal microscope, there is no effect from phenol red.
We strongly recommend using confocal microscope when detecting mitophagy.
Q: What is the recommended filter?
A: Mtphagy Dye: Ex.500~560 nm, Em.670~730 nm, Lyso Dye: Ex.350~450 nm, Em.500~560 nm
